![]() There was no other major player left when in 31 BC Octavian (Caesar's nephew and adopted son) defeated Antony at a naval battle near Actium in northern Greece. Instead there was another decade of civil war as Caesar's supporters first of all battled it out with his assassins, and when they had been finished off, fought among themselves. If born into the senatorial class, a man was expected to work his way up the cursus honorum. They were forbidden to engage in business but were allowed farming estates. The country was governed by the senatorial class. As time went on, Rome became more of a plutocracy. The classes were the senatorial, equites, and The plebs. There were many factors, of which one was their political system of governance and its downfall. For in 44 BC he too was murdered by a posse of senators, in the name of 'liberty'. The Romans always had a class system in their society. He did not, however, have long to effect change (perhaps his most lasting innovation was his reform of the calendar and the introduction of the system of 'leap years' that we still use today). He also embarked on another programme of reform including such radical measures as the cancellation of debts and the settlement of landless veteran soldiers. The Roman Empire, founded in 27 B.C., was a vast and powerful domain that gave rise to the culture, laws, technologies and institutions that continue to define Western civilization. ![]() For histories of the territories governed at various times by the empire, see France Germany. The Holy Roman Empire existed from 800 to 1806. Using the old title of 'dictator', he notoriously received the kind of honours that were usually reserved for the gods. Holy Roman Empire, German Heiliges Rmisches Reich, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium, the varying complex of lands in western and central Europe ruled by the Holy Roman emperor, a title held first by Frankish and then by German kings for 10 centuries. By the end of 48 BC, Pompey was dead (beheaded as he tried to land in Egypt) and Caesar was left - to all intents and purposes - as the first emperor of Rome.īut not in name. But the fact is that, given the power each had accrued and their entrenched opposition, war between them was almost inevitable. ![]()
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